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重要的数学公式
2008-06-17
重要的数学公式
http://www.shuxueweb.com/shuxuebolan/shuxuegongshi/shuxuebolan_9443.html乘法与因式分解 a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b) a3+b3=(a+b)(a2-ab+b2) a3-b3=(a-b)(a2+ab+b2) 重要的数学公式
三角不等式 |a+b|≤|a|+|b| |a-b|≤|a|+|b| |a|≤b<=>-b≤a≤b
|a-b|≥|a|-|b| -|a|≤a≤|a|
一元二次方程的解 -b+√(b2-4ac)/2a -b-b+√(b2-4ac)/2a
根与系数的关系 X1+X2=-b/a X1*X2=c/a 注:韦达定理
判别式 b2-4a=0 注:方程有相等的两实根
b2-4ac>0 注:方程有一个实根
b2-4ac<0 注:方程有共轭复数根
三角函数公式
两角和公式 sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB sin(A-B)=sinAcosB-sinBcosA
cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB
tan(A+B)=(tanA+tanB)/(1-tanAtanB) tan(A-B)=(tanA-tanB)/(1+tanAtanB)
ctg(A+B)=(ctgActgB-1)/(ctgB+ctgA) ctg(A-B)=(ctgActgB+1)/(ctgB-ctgA)
倍角公式 tan2A=2tanA/(1-tan2A) ctg2A=(ctg2A-1)/2ctga
cos2a=cos2a-sin2a=2cos2a-1=1-2sin2a
半角公式 sin(A/2)=√((1-cosA)/2) sin(A/2)=-√((1-cosA)/2)
cos(A/2)=√((1+cosA)/2) cos(A/2)=-√((1+cosA)/2)
tan(A/2)=√((1-cosA)/((1+cosA)) tan(A/2)=-√((1-cosA)/((1+cosA))
ctg(A/2)=√((1+cosA)/((1-cosA)) ctg(A/2)=-√((1+cosA)/((1-cosA))
和差化积 2sinAcosB=sin(A+B)+sin(A-B) 2cosAsinB=sin(A+B)-sin(A-B)
2cosAcosB=cos(A+B)-sin(A-B) -2sinAsinB=cos(A+B)-cos(A-B) 高中数学重要公式 数学公式
sinA+sinB=2sin((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2 cosA+cosB=2cos((A+B)/2)sin((A-B)/2)
tanA+tanB=sin(A+B)/cosAcosB tanA-tanB=sin(A-B)/cosAcosB
ctgA+ctgBsin(A+B)/sinAsinB -ctgA+ctgBsin(A+B)/sinAsinB
某些数列前n项和 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+…+n=n(n+1)/2 1+3+5+7+9+11+13+15+…+(2n-1)=n2
2+4+6+8+10+12+14+…+(2n)=n(n+1) 12+22+32+42+52+62+72+82+…+n2=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
13+23+33+43+53+63+…n3=n2(n+1)2/4 1*2+2*3+3*4+4*5+5*6+6*7+…+n(n+1)=n(n+1)(n+2)/3
正弦定理 a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC=2R 注: 其中 R 表示三角形的外接圆半径
余弦定理 b2=a2+c2-2accosB 注:角B是边a和边c的夹角
圆的标准方程 (x-a)2+(y-b)2=r2 注:(a,b)是圆心坐标
圆的一般方程 x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0 注:D2+E2-4F>0
抛物线标准方程 y2=2px y2=-2px x2=2py x2=-2py
直棱柱侧面积 S=c*h 斜棱柱侧面积 S=c'*h
正棱锥侧面积 S=1/2c*h' 正棱台侧面积 S=1/2(c+c')h'
圆台侧面积 S=1/2(c+c')l=pi(R+r)l 球的表面积 S=4pi*r2
圆柱侧面积 S=c*h=2pi*h 圆锥侧面积 S=1/2*c*l=pi*r*l
弧长公式 l=a*r a是圆心角的弧度数r >0 扇形面积公式 s=1/2*l*r
锥体体积公式 V=1/3*S*H 圆锥体体积公式 V=1/3*pi*r2h
斜棱柱体积 V=S'L 注:其中,S'是直截面面积, L是侧棱长
柱体体积公式 V=s*h 圆柱体 V=pi*r2h
87 推论 平行于三角形一边的直线截其他两边(或两边的延长线),所得的对应线段成比例
88 定理 如果一条直线截三角形的两边(或两边的延长线)所得的对应线段成比例,那么这条直线平行于三角形的第三边
89 平行于三角形的一边,并且和其他两边相交的直线,所截得的三角形的三边与原三角形三边对应成比例
90 定理 平行于三角形一边的直线和其他两边(或两边的延长线)相交,所构成的三角形与原三角形相似
91 相似三角形判定定理1 两角对应相等,两三角形相似(ASA)
92 直角三角形被斜边上的高分成的两个直角三角形和原三角形相似
93 判定定理2 两边对应成比例且夹角相等,两三角形相似(SAS)
94 判定定理3 三边对应成比例,两三角形相似(SSS)
95 定理 如果一个直角三角形的斜边和一条直角边与另一个直角三
角形的斜边和一条直角边对应成比例,那么这两个直角三角形相似
96 性质定理1 相似三角形对应高的比,对应中线的比与对应角平
分线的比都等于相似比
97 性质定理2 相似三角形周长的比等于相似比
98 性质定理3 相似三角形面积的比等于相似比的平方
99 任意锐角的正弦值等于它的余角的余弦值,任意锐角的余弦值等
于它的余角的正弦值
100任意锐角的正切值等于它的余角的余切值,任意锐角的余切值等
于它的余角的正切值
101圆是定点的距离等于定长的点的集合
102圆的内部可以看作是圆心的距离小于半径的点的集合
103圆的外部可以看作是圆心的距离大于半径的点的集合
104同圆或等圆的半径相等
105到定点的距离等于定长的点的轨迹,是以定点为圆心,定长为半
径的圆
106和已知线段两个端点的距离相等的点的轨迹,是着条线段的垂直
平分线
107到已知角的两边距离相等的点的轨迹,是这个角的平分线
108到两条平行线距离相等的点的轨迹,是和这两条平行线平行且距
离相等的一条直线
109定理 不在同一直线上的三点确定一个圆。
110垂径定理 垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦并且平分弦所对的两条弧
111推论1 ①平分弦(不是直径)的直径垂直于弦,并且平分弦所对的两条弧
②弦的垂直平分线经过圆心,并且平分弦所对的两条弧
③平分弦所对的一条弧的直径,垂直平分弦,并且平分弦所对的另一条弧
112推论2 圆的两条平行弦所夹的弧相等
113圆是以圆心为对称中心的中心对称图形
114定理 在同圆或等圆中,相等的圆心角所对的弧相等,所对的弦
相等,所对的弦的弦心距相等
115推论 在同圆或等圆中,如果两个圆心角、两条弧、两条弦或两
弦的弦心距中有一组量相等那么它们所对应的其余各组量都相等
116定理 一条弧所对的圆周角等于它所对的圆心角的一半
117推论1 同弧或等弧所对的圆周角相等;同圆或等圆中,相等的圆周角所对的弧也相等
118推论2 半圆(或直径)所对的圆周角是直角;90°的圆周角所
对的弦是直径
119推论3 如果三角形一边上的中线等于这边的一半,那么这个三角形是直角三角形
120定理 圆的内接四边形的对角互补,并且任何一个外角都等于它
的内对角
121①直线L和⊙O相交 d<r
②直线L和⊙O相切 d=r
③直线L和⊙O相离 d>r
122切线的判定定理 经过半径的外端并且垂直于这条半径的直线是圆的切线
123切线的性质定理 圆的切线垂直于经过切点的半径
124推论1 经过圆心且垂直于切线的直线必经过切点
125推论2 经过切点且垂直于切线的直线必经过圆心
126切线长定理 从圆外一点引圆的两条切线,它们的切线长相等,
圆心和这一点的连线平分两条切线的夹角
127圆的外切四边形的两组对边的和相等
128弦切角定理 弦切角等于它所夹的弧对的圆周角
129推论 如果两个弦切角所夹的弧相等,那么这两个弦切角也相等
130相交弦定理 圆内的两条相交弦,被交点分成的两条线段长的积
相等
131推论 如果弦与直径垂直相交,那么弦的一半是它分直径所成的
两条线段的比例中项
132切割线定理 从圆外一点引圆的切线和割线,切线长是这点到割
线与圆交点的两条线段长的比例中项
133推论 从圆外一点引圆的两条割线,这一点到每条割线与圆的交点的两条线段长的积相等
134如果两个圆相切,那么切点一定在连心线上
135①两圆外离 d>R+r ②两圆外切 d=R+r
③两圆相交 R-r<d<R+r(R>r)
④两圆内切 d=R-r(R>r) ⑤两圆内含d<R-r(R>r)
136定理 相交两圆的连心线垂直平分两圆的公共弦
137定理 把圆分成n(n≥3):
⑴依次连结各分点所得的多边形是这个圆的内接正n边形
⑵经过各分点作圆的切线,以相邻切线的交点为顶点的多边形是这个圆的外切正n边形
138定理 任何正多边形都有一个外接圆和一个内切圆,这两个圆是同心圆
139正n边形的每个内角都等于(n-2)×180°/n
140定理 正n边形的半径和边心距把正n边形分成2n个全等的直角三角形
141正n边形的面积Sn=pnrn/2 p表示正n边形的周长
142正三角形面积√3a/4 a表示边长
143如果在一个顶点周围有k个正n边形的角,由于这些角的和应为
360°,因此k×(n-2)180°/n=360°化为(n-2)(k-2)=4
144弧长计算公式:L=n兀R/180
145扇形面积公式:S扇形=n兀R^2/360=LR/2
146内公切线长= d-(R-r) 外公切线长= d-(R+r)
(还有一些,大家帮补充吧)实用工具:常用数学公式
公式分类 公式表达式乘法与因式分 a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b) a3+b3=(a+b)(a2-ab+b2) a3-b3=(a-b(a2+ab+b2)
三角不等式 |a+b|≤|a|+|b| |a-b|≤|a|+|b| |a|≤b<=>-b≤a≤b
|a-b|≥|a|-|b| -|a|≤a≤|a|
一元二次方程的解 -b+√(b2-4ac)/2a -b-√(b2-4ac)/2a
根与系数的关系 X1+X2=-b/a X1*X2=c/a 注:韦达定理
判别式
b2-4ac=0 注:方程有两个相等的实根
b2-4ac>0 注:方程有两个不等的实根
b2-4ac<0 注:方程没有实根,有共轭复数根三角函数公式
两角和公式
sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB sin(A-B)=sinAcosB-sinBcosA
cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB
tan(A+B)=(tanA+tanB)/(1-tanAtanB) tan(A-B)=(tanA-tanB)/(1+tanAtanB)
ctg(A+B)=(ctgActgB-1)/(ctgB+ctgA) ctg(A-B)=(ctgActgB+1)/(ctgB-ctgA)倍角公式
tan2A=2tanA/(1-tan2A) ctg2A=(ctg2A-1)/2ctga
cos2a=cos2a-sin2a=2cos2a-1=1-2sin2a半角公式
sin(A/2)=√((1-cosA)/2) sin(A/2)=-√((1-cosA)/2)
cos(A/2)=√((1+cosA)/2) cos(A/2)=-√((1+cosA)/2)
tan(A/2)=√((1-cosA)/((1+cosA)) tan(A/2)=-√((1-cosA)/((1+cosA))
ctg(A/2)=√((1+cosA)/((1-cosA)) ctg(A/2)=-√((1+cosA)/((1-cosA))
一生受用的数学公式
2008-06-17
一生受用的数学公式
作者:HITMAN编辑
http://www.shuxueweb.com/shuxuebolan/shuxuegongshi/shuxuebolan_9437.html坐标几何
一对垂直相交于平面的轴线,可以让平面上的任意一点用一组实数来表示。轴线的交点是 (0, 0),称为原点。水平与垂直方向的位置,分别用x与y代表。
一条直线可以用方程式y=mx+c来表示,m是直线的斜率(gradient)。这条直线与y轴相交于 (0,c),与x轴则相交于(–c/m, 0)。垂直线的方程式则是x=k,x为定值。
通过(x0, y0)这一点,且斜率为n的直线是
y–y0=n(x–x0)
一条直线若垂直于斜率为n的直线,则其斜率为–1/n。通过(x1, y1)与(x2, y2)两点的直线是
y=(y2–y1/x2–x1)(x–x2)+y2 x1≠x2
若两直线的斜率分别为m与n,则它们的夹角θ满足于
tanθ=m–n/1+mn
半径为r、圆心在(a, b)的圆,以(x–a) 2+(y–b) 2=r2表示。
三维空间里的坐标与二维空间类似,只是多加一个z轴而已,例如半径为r、中心位置在(a, b, c)的球,以(x–a) 2+(y–b) 2+(z–c) 2=r2表示。
三维空间平面的一般式为ax+by+cz=d。
三角学
边长为a、b、c的直角三角形,其中一个夹角为θ。它的六个三角函数分别为:正弦(sine)、余弦(cosine)、正切(tangent)、余割(cosecant)、正割(secant)和余切(cotangent)。
sinθ=b/c cosθ=a/c tanθ=b/a
cscθ=c/b secθ=c/a cotθ=a/b
若圆的半径是1,则其正弦与余弦分别为直角三角形的高与底。
a=cosθ b=sinθ
依照勾股定理,我们知道a2+b2=c2。因此对于圆上的任何角度θ,我们都可得出下列的全等式:
cos2θ+sin2θ=1三角恒等式
根据前几页所述的定义,可得到下列恒等式(identity):
tanθ=sinθ/cosθ,cotθ=cosθ/sinθ
secθ=1/cosθ,cscθ=1/sinθ
分别用cos 2θ与sin 2θ来除cos 2θ+sin 2θ=1,可得:
sec 2θ–tan 2θ=1 及 csc 2θ–cot 2θ=1
对于负角度,六个三角函数分别为:
sin(–θ)= –sinθ csc(–θ)= –cscθ
cos(–θ)= cosθ sec(–θ)= secθ
tan(–θ)= –tanθ cot(–θ)= –cotθ
当两角度相加时,运用和角公式:
sin(α+β)= sinαcosβ+cosαsinβ
cos(α+β)= cosαcosβ–sinαsinβ
tan(α+β)= tanα+tanβ/1–tanαtanβ
若遇到两倍角或三倍角,运用倍角公式:
sin2α= 2sinαcosα sin3α= 3sinαcos2α–sin3α
cos2α= cos 2α–sin 2α cos3α= cos 3α–3sin 2αcosα
tan 2α= 2tanα/1–tan 2α
tan3α= 3tanα–tan 3α/1–3tan 2α二维图形
下面是一些二维图形的周长与面积公式。
圆:
半径= r 直径d=2r
圆周长= 2πr =πd
面积=πr2 (π=3.1415926…….)
椭圆:
面积=πab
a与b分别代表短轴与长轴的一半。
矩形:
面积= ab
周长= 2a+2b
平行四边形(parallelogram):
面积= bh = ab sinα
周长= 2a+2b
梯形:
面积= 1/2h (a+b)
周长= a+b+h (secα+secβ)
正n边形:
面积= 1/2nb2 cot (180°/n)
周长= nb
四边形(i):
面积= 1/2ab sinα
四边形(ii):
面积= 1/2 (h1+h2) b+ah1+ch2
三维图形
以下是三维立体的体积与表面积(包含底部)公式。
球体:
体积= 4/3πr3
表面积= 4πr2
方体:
体积= abc
表面积= 2(ab+ac+bc)
圆柱体:
体积= πr2h
表面积= 2πrh+2πr2
圆锥体:
体积= 1/3πr2h
表面积=πr√r2+h2 +πr2
三角锥体:
若底面积为A,
体积= 1/3Ah
平截头体(frustum):
体积= 1/3πh (a2+ab+b2)
表面积=π(a+b)c+πa2+πb2
椭球:
体积= 4/3πabc
环面(torus):
体积= 1/4π2 (a+b) (b–a) 2
表面积=π2 (b2–a2)高中数学公式口诀大全
2008-06-17
高中数学公式口诀大全
http://www.shuxueweb.com/shuxuebolan/shuxuegongshi/shuxuebolan_9445.html
根据多年的实践,总结规律繁化简;概括知识难变易,高中数学巧记忆。
言简意赅易上口,结合课本胜一筹。始生之物形必丑,抛砖引得白玉出。
一、《集合与函数》
内容子交并补集,还有幂指对函数。性质奇偶与增减,观察图象最明显。
复合函数式出现,性质乘法法则辨,若要详细证明它,还须将那定义抓。
指数与对数函数,两者互为反函数。底数非1的正数,1两边增减变故。
函数定义域好求。分母不能等于0,偶次方根须非负,零和负数无对数;
正切函数角不直,余切函数角不平;其余函数实数集,多种情况求交集。
两个互为反函数,单调性质都相同;图象互为轴对称,Y=X是对称轴;
求解非常有规律,反解换元定义域;反函数的定义域,原来函数的值域。
幂函数性质易记,指数化既约分数;函数性质看指数,奇母奇子奇函数,
奇母偶子偶函数,偶母非奇偶函数;图象第一象限内,函数增减看正负。
二、《三角函数》
三角函数是函数,象限符号坐标注。函数图象单位圆,周期奇偶增减现。
同角关系很重要,化简证明都需要。正六边形顶点处,从上到下弦切割;
中心记上数字1,连结顶点三角形;向下三角平方和,倒数关系是对角,
顶点任意一函数,等于后面两根除。诱导公式就是好,负化正后大化小,
变成税角好查表,化简证明少不了。二的一半整数倍,奇数化余偶不变,
将其后者视锐角,符号原来函数判。两角和的余弦值,化为单角好求值,
余弦积减正弦积,换角变形众公式。和差化积须同名,互余角度变名称。
计算证明角先行,注意结构函数名,保持基本量不变,繁难向着简易变。
逆反原则作指导,升幂降次和差积。条件等式的证明,方程思想指路明。
万能公式不一般,化为有理式居先。公式顺用和逆用,变形运用加巧用;
1加余弦想余弦,1 减余弦想正弦,幂升一次角减半,升幂降次它为范;
三角函数反函数,实质就是求角度,先求三角函数值,再判角取值范围;
利用直角三角形,形象直观好换名,简单三角的方程,化为最简求解集;
三、《不等式》
解不等式的途径,利用函数的性质。对指无理不等式,化为有理不等式。
高次向着低次代,步步转化要等价。数形之间互转化,帮助解答作用大。
证不等式的方法,实数性质威力大。求差与0比大小,作商和1争高下。
直接困难分析好,思路清晰综合法。非负常用基本式,正面难则反证法。
还有重要不等式,以及数学归纳法。图形函数来帮助,画图建模构造法。
四、《数列》
等差等比两数列,通项公式N项和。两个有限求极限,四则运算顺序换。
数列问题多变幻,方程化归整体算。数列求和比较难,错位相消巧转换,
取长补短高斯法,裂项求和公式算。归纳思想非常好,编个程序好思考:
一算二看三联想,猜测证明不可少。还有数学归纳法,证明步骤程序化:
首先验证再假定,从 K向着K加1,推论过程须详尽,归纳原理来肯定。
五、《复数》
虚数单位i一出,数集扩大到复数。一个复数一对数,横纵坐标实虚部。
对应复平面上点,原点与它连成箭。箭杆与X轴正向,所成便是辐角度。
箭杆的长即是模,常将数形来结合。代数几何三角式,相互转化试一试。
代数运算的实质,有i多项式运算。i的正整数次慕,四个数值周期现。
一些重要的结论,熟记巧用得结果。虚实互化本领大,复数相等来转化。
利用方程思想解,注意整体代换术。几何运算图上看,加法平行四边形,
减法三角法则判;乘法除法的运算,逆向顺向做旋转,伸缩全年模长短。
三角形式的运算,须将辐角和模辨。利用棣莫弗公式,乘方开方极方便。
辐角运算很奇特,和差是由积商得。四条性质离不得,相等和模与共轭,
两个不会为实数,比较大小要不得。复数实数很密切,须注意本质区别。
六、《排列、组合、二项式定理》
加法乘法两原理,贯穿始终的法则。与序无关是组合,要求有序是排列。
两个公式两性质,两种思想和方法。归纳出排列组合,应用问题须转化。
排列组合在一起,先选后排是常理。特殊元素和位置,首先注意多考虑。
不重不漏多思考,捆绑插空是技巧。排列组合恒等式,定义证明建模试。
关于二项式定理,中国杨辉三角形。两条性质两公式,函数赋值变换式。
七、《立体几何》
点线面三位一体,柱锥台球为代表。距离都从点出发,角度皆为线线成。
垂直平行是重点,证明须弄清概念。线线线面和面面、三对之间循环现。
方程思想整体求,化归意识动割补。计算之前须证明,画好移出的图形。
立体几何辅助线,常用垂线和平面。射影概念很重要,对于解题最关键。
异面直线二面角,体积射影公式活。公理性质三垂线,解决问题一大片。
八、《平面解析几何》
有向线段直线圆,椭圆双曲抛物线,参数方程极坐标,数形结合称典范。
笛卡尔的观点对,点和有序实数对,两者—一来对应,开创几何新途径。
两种思想相辉映,化归思想打前阵;都说待定系数法,实为方程组思想。
三种类型集大成,画出曲线求方程,给了方程作曲线,曲线位置关系判。
四件工具是法宝,坐标思想参数好;平面几何不能丢,旋转变换复数求。
解析几何是几何,得意忘形学不活。图形直观数入微,数学本是数形学。初中数学常用公式大全
2008-06-17
初中数学常用公式大全
http://www.shuxueweb.com/shuxuebolan/shuxuegongshi/shuxuebolan_9444.html
初中数学公式1 过两点有且只有一条直线
2 两点之间线段最短
3 同角或等角的补角相等
4 同角或等角的余角相等
5 过一点有且只有一条直线和已知直线垂直
6 直线外一点与直线上各点连接的所有线段中,垂线段最短
7 平行公理 经过直线外一点,有且只有一条直线与这条直线平行
8 如果两条直线都和第三条直线平行,这两条直线也互相平行
9 同位角相等,两直线平行
10 内错角相等,两直线平行
11 同旁内角互补,两直线平行
12两直线平行,同位角相等
13 两直线平行,内错角相等
14 两直线平行,同旁内角互补
15 定理 三角形两边的和大于第三边
16 推论 三角形两边的差小于第三边
17 三角形内角和定理 三角形三个内角的和等于180°
18 推论1 直角三角形的两个锐角互余
19 推论2 三角形的一个外角等于和它不相邻的两个内角的和
20 推论3 三角形的一个外角大于任何一个和它不相邻的内角
21 全等三角形的对应边、对应角相等
22边角边公理(SAS) 有两边和它们的夹角对应相等的两个三角形全等
23 角边角公理( ASA)有两角和它们的夹边对应相等的两个三角形全等
24 推论(AAS) 有两角和其中一角的对边对应相等的两个三角形全等
25 边边边公理(SSS) 有三边对应相等的两个三角形全等
26 斜边、直角边公理(HL) 有斜边和一条直角边对应相等的两个直角三角形全等
27 定理1 在角的平分线上的点到这个角的两边的距离相等
28 定理2 到一个角的两边的距离相同的点,在这个角的平分线上
29 角的平分线是到角的两边距离相等的所有点的集合
30 等腰三角形的性质定理 等腰三角形的两个底角相等 (即等边对等角)
31 推论1 等腰三角形顶角的平分线平分底边并且垂直于底边
32 等腰三角形的顶角平分线、底边上的中线和底边上的高互相重合
33 推论3 等边三角形的各角都相等,并且每一个角都等于60°
34 等腰三角形的判定定理 如果一个三角形有两个角相等,那么这两个角所对的边也相等(等角对等边)
35 推论1 三个角都相等的三角形是等边三角形
36 推论 2 有一个角等于60°的等腰三角形是等边三角形
37 在直角三角形中,如果一个锐角等于30°那么它所对的直角边等于斜边的一半
38 直角三角形斜边上的中线等于斜边上的一半
39 定理 线段垂直平分线上的点和这条线段两个端点的距离相等
40 逆定理 和一条线段两个端点距离相等的点,在这条线段的垂直平分线上
41 线段的垂直平分线可看作和线段两端点距离相等的所有点的集合
42 定理1 关于某条直线对称的两个图形是全等形
43 定理 2 如果两个图形关于某直线对称,那么对称轴是对应点连线的垂直平分线
44定理3 两个图形关于某直线对称,如果它们的对应线段或延长线相交,那么交点在对称轴上
45逆定理 如果两个图形的对应点连线被同一条直线垂直平分,那么这两个图形关于这条直线对称
46勾股定理 直角三角形两直角边a、b的平方和、等于斜边c的平方,即a^2+b^2=c^2
47勾股定理的逆定理 如果三角形的三边长a、b、c有关系a^2+b^2=c^2 ,那么这个三角形是直角三角形
48定理 四边形的内角和等于360°
49四边形的外角和等于360°
50多边形内角和定理 n边形的内角的和等于(n-2)×180°
51推论 任意多边的外角和等于360°
52平行四边形性质定理1 平行四边形的对角相等
53平行四边形性质定理2 平行四边形的对边相等
54推论 夹在两条平行线间的平行线段相等
55平行四边形性质定理3 平行四边形的对角线互相平分
56平行四边形判定定理1 两组对角分别相等的四边形是平行四边形
57平行四边形判定定理2 两组对边分别相等的四边形是平行四边形
58平行四边形判定定理3 对角线互相平分的四边形是平行四边形
59平行四边形判定定理4 一组对边平行相等的四边形是平行四边形
60矩形性质定理1 矩形的四个角都是直角
61矩形性质定理2 矩形的对角线相等
62矩形判定定理1 有三个角是直角的四边形是矩形
63矩形判定定理2 对角线相等的平行四边形是矩形
64菱形性质定理1 菱形的四条边都相等
65菱形性质定理2 菱形的对角线互相垂直,并且每一条对角线平分一组对角
66菱形面积=对角线乘积的一半,即S=(a×b)÷2
67菱形判定定理1 四边都相等的四边形是菱形
68菱形判定定理2 对角线互相垂直的平行四边形是菱形
69正方形性质定理1 正方形的四个角都是直角,四条边都相等
70正方形性质定理2正方形的两条对角线相等,并且互相垂直平分,每条对角线平分一组对角
71定理1 关于中心对称的两个图形是全等的
72定理2 关于中心对称的两个图形,对称点连线都经过对称中心,并且被对称中心平分
73逆定理 如果两个图形的对应点连线都经过某一点,并且被这一
点平分,那么这两个图形关于这一点对称
74等腰梯形性质定理 等腰梯形在同一底上的两个角相等
75等腰梯形的两条对角线相等
76等腰梯形判定定理 在同一底上的两个角相等的梯形是等腰梯形
77对角线相等的梯形是等腰梯形
78平行线等分线段定理 如果一组平行线在一条直线上截得的线段
相等,那么在其他直线上截得的线段也相等
79 推论1 经过梯形一腰的中点与底平行的直线,必平分另一腰
80 推论2 经过三角形一边的中点与另一边平行的直线,必平分第
三边
81 三角形中位线定理 三角形的中位线平行于第三边,并且等于它
的一半
82 梯形中位线定理 梯形的中位线平行于两底,并且等于两底和的
一半 L=(a+b)÷2 S=L×h
83 (1)比例的基本性质 如果a:b=c:d,那么ad=bc
如果ad=bc,那么a:b=c:d
84 (2)合比性质 如果a/b=c/d,那么(a±b)/b=(c±d)/d
85 (3)等比性质 如果a/b=c/d=…=m/n(b+d+…+n≠0),那么
(a+c+…+m)/(b+d+…+n)=a/b
86 平行线分线段成比例定理 三条平行线截两条直线,所得的对应
线段成比例
87 推论 平行于三角形一边的直线截其他两边(或两边的延长线),所得的对应线段成比例
88 定理 如果一条直线截三角形的两边(或两边的延长线)所得的对应线段成比例,那么这条直线平行于三角形的第三边
89 平行于三角形的一边,并且和其他两边相交的直线,所截得的三角形的三边与原三角形三边对应成比例
90 定理 平行于三角形一边的直线和其他两边(或两边的延长线)相交,所构成的三角形与原三角形相似
91 相似三角形判定定理1 两角对应相等,两三角形相似(ASA)
92 直角三角形被斜边上的高分成的两个直角三角形和原三角形相似
93 判定定理2 两边对应成比例且夹角相等,两三角形相似(SAS)
94 判定定理3 三边对应成比例,两三角形相似(SSS)
95 定理 如果一个直角三角形的斜边和一条直角边与另一个直角三
角形的斜边和一条直角边对应成比例,那么这两个直角三角形相似
96 性质定理1 相似三角形对应高的比,对应中线的比与对应角平
分线的比都等于相似比
97 性质定理2 相似三角形周长的比等于相似比
98 性质定理3 相似三角形面积的比等于相似比的平方
99 任意锐角的正弦值等于它的余角的余弦值,任意锐角的余弦值等
于它的余角的正弦值
100任意锐角的正切值等于它的余角的余切值,任意锐角的余切值等
于它的余角的正切值
101圆是定点的距离等于定长的点的集合
102圆的内部可以看作是圆心的距离小于半径的点的集合
103圆的外部可以看作是圆心的距离大于半径的点的集合
104同圆或等圆的半径相等
105到定点的距离等于定长的点的轨迹,是以定点为圆心,定长为半
径的圆
106和已知线段两个端点的距离相等的点的轨迹,是着条线段的垂直
平分线
107到已知角的两边距离相等的点的轨迹,是这个角的平分线
108到两条平行线距离相等的点的轨迹,是和这两条平行线平行且距
离相等的一条直线
109定理 不在同一直线上的三点确定一个圆。
110垂径定理 垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦并且平分弦所对的两条弧
111推论1 ①平分弦(不是直径)的直径垂直于弦,并且平分弦所对的两条弧
②弦的垂直平分线经过圆心,并且平分弦所对的两条弧
③平分弦所对的一条弧的直径,垂直平分弦,并且平分弦所对的另一条弧
112推论2 圆的两条平行弦所夹的弧相等
113圆是以圆心为对称中心的中心对称图形
114定理 在同圆或等圆中,相等的圆心角所对的弧相等,所对的弦
相等,所对的弦的弦心距相等
115推论 在同圆或等圆中,如果两个圆心角、两条弧、两条弦或两
弦的弦心距中有一组量相等那么它们所对应的其余各组量都相等
116定理 一条弧所对的圆周角等于它所对的圆心角的一半
117推论1 同弧或等弧所对的圆周角相等;同圆或等圆中,相等的圆周角所对的弧也相等
118推论2 半圆(或直径)所对的圆周角是直角;90°的圆周角所
对的弦是直径
119推论3 如果三角形一边上的中线等于这边的一半,那么这个三角形是直角三角形
120定理 圆的内接四边形的对角互补,并且任何一个外角都等于它
的内对角
121①直线L和⊙O相交 d<r
②直线L和⊙O相切 d=r
③直线L和⊙O相离 d>r
122切线的判定定理 经过半径的外端并且垂直于这条半径的直线是圆的切线
123切线的性质定理 圆的切线垂直于经过切点的半径
124推论1 经过圆心且垂直于切线的直线必经过切点
125推论2 经过切点且垂直于切线的直线必经过圆心
126切线长定理 从圆外一点引圆的两条切线,它们的切线长相等,
圆心和这一点的连线平分两条切线的夹角
127圆的外切四边形的两组对边的和相等
128弦切角定理 弦切角等于它所夹的弧对的圆周角
129推论 如果两个弦切角所夹的弧相等,那么这两个弦切角也相等
130相交弦定理 圆内的两条相交弦,被交点分成的两条线段长的积
相等
131推论 如果弦与直径垂直相交,那么弦的一半是它分直径所成的
两条线段的比例中项
132切割线定理 从圆外一点引圆的切线和割线,切线长是这点到割
线与圆交点的两条线段长的比例中项
133推论 从圆外一点引圆的两条割线,这一点到每条割线与圆的交点的两条线段长的积相等
134如果两个圆相切,那么切点一定在连心线上
135①两圆外离 d>R+r ②两圆外切 d=R+r
③两圆相交 R-r<d<R+r(R>r)
④两圆内切 d=R-r(R>r) ⑤两圆内含d<R-r(R>r)
136定理 相交两圆的连心线垂直平分两圆的公共弦
137定理 把圆分成n(n≥3):
⑴依次连结各分点所得的多边形是这个圆的内接正n边形
⑵经过各分点作圆的切线,以相邻切线的交点为顶点的多边形是这个圆的外切正n边形
138定理 任何正多边形都有一个外接圆和一个内切圆,这两个圆是同心圆
139正n边形的每个内角都等于(n-2)×180°/n
140定理 正n边形的半径和边心距把正n边形分成2n个全等的直角三角形
141正n边形的面积Sn=pnrn/2 p表示正n边形的周长
142正三角形面积√3a/4 a表示边长
143如果在一个顶点周围有k个正n边形的角,由于这些角的和应为
360°,因此k×(n-2)180°/n=360°化为(n-2)(k-2)=4
144弧长计算公式:L=n兀R/180
145扇形面积公式:S扇形=n兀R^2/360=LR/2
146内公切线长= d-(R-r) 外公切线长= d-(R+r)
(还有一些,大家帮补充吧)实用工具:常用数学公式
公式分类 公式表达式乘法与因式分 a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b) a3+b3=(a+b)(a2-ab+b2) a3-b3=(a-b(a2+ab+b2)
三角不等式 |a+b|≤|a|+|b| |a-b|≤|a|+|b| |a|≤b<=>-b≤a≤b
|a-b|≥|a|-|b| -|a|≤a≤|a|
一元二次方程的解 -b+√(b2-4ac)/2a -b-√(b2-4ac)/2a
根与系数的关系 X1+X2=-b/a X1*X2=c/a 注:韦达定理
判别式
b2-4ac=0 注:方程有两个相等的实根
b2-4ac>0 注:方程有两个不等的实根
b2-4ac<0 注:方程没有实根,有共轭复数根三角函数公式
两角和公式
sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB sin(A-B)=sinAcosB-sinBcosA
cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB
tan(A+B)=(tanA+tanB)/(1-tanAtanB) tan(A-B)=(tanA-tanB)/(1+tanAtanB)
ctg(A+B)=(ctgActgB-1)/(ctgB+ctgA) ctg(A-B)=(ctgActgB+1)/(ctgB-ctgA)倍角公式
tan2A=2tanA/(1-tan2A) ctg2A=(ctg2A-1)/2ctga
cos2a=cos2a-sin2a=2cos2a-1=1-2sin2a半角公式
sin(A/2)=√((1-cosA)/2) sin(A/2)=-√((1-cosA)/2)
cos(A/2)=√((1+cosA)/2) cos(A/2)=-√((1+cosA)/2)
tan(A/2)=√((1-cosA)/((1+cosA)) tan(A/2)=-√((1-cosA)/((1+cosA))
ctg(A/2)=√((1+cosA)/((1-cosA)) ctg(A/2)=-√((1+cosA)/((1-cosA))和差化积
2sinAcosB=sin(A+B)+sin(A-B) 2cosAsinB=sin(A+B)-sin(A-B)
2cosAcosB=cos(A+B)-sin(A-B) -2sinAsinB=cos(A+B)-cos(A-B)
sinA+sinB=2sin((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2 cosA+cosB=2cos((A+B)/2)sin((A-B)/2)
tanA+tanB=sin(A+B)/cosAcosB tanA-tanB=sin(A-B)/cosAcosB
ctgA+ctgBsin(A+B)/sinAsinB -ctgA+ctgBsin(A+B)/sinAsinB某些数列前n项和
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+…+n=n(n+1)/2 1+3+5+7+9+11+13+15+…+(2n-1)=n2
2+4+6+8+10+12+14+…+(2n)=n(n+1) 12+22+32+42+52+62+72+82+…+n2=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
13+23+33+43+53+63+…n3=n2(n+1)2/4 1*2+2*3+3*4+4*5+5*6+6*7+…+n(n+1)=n(n+1)(n+2)/3正弦定理 a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC=2R 注: 其中 R 表示三角形的外接圆半径
余弦定理 b2=a2+c2-2accosB 注:角B是边a和边c的夹角
圆的标准方程 (x-a)2+(y-b)2=r2 注:(a,b)是圆心坐标
圆的一般方程 x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0 注:D2+E2-4F>0
抛物线标准方程 y2=2px y2=-2px x2=2py x2=-2py直棱柱侧面积 S=c*h 斜棱柱侧面积 S=c'*h
正棱锥侧面积 S=1/2c*h' 正棱台侧面积 S=1/2(c+c')h'
圆台侧面积 S=1/2(c+c')l=pi(R+r)l 球的表面积 S=4pi*r2
圆柱侧面积 S=c*h=2pi*h 圆锥侧面积 S=1/2*c*l=pi*r*l弧长公式 l=a*r a是圆心角的弧度数r >0 扇形面积公式 s=1/2*l*r
锥体体积公式 V=1/3*S*H 圆锥体体积公式 V=1/3*pi*r2h
斜棱柱体积 V=S'L 注:其中,S'是直截面面积, L是侧棱长
柱体体积公式 V=s*h 圆柱体 V=pi*r2h
常用数学公式大全
2008-06-17
公式分类
公式表达式
乘法与因式分解
a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b)
a3+b3=(a+b)(a2-ab+b2)
a3-b3=(a-b)(a2+ab+b2)
三角不等式
|a+b|≤|a|+|b|
|a-b|≤|a|+|b|
|a|≤b<=>-b≤a≤b|a-b|≥|a|-|b|
-|a|≤a≤|a|
一元二次方程的解
-b+√(b2-4ac)/2a
-b-b+√(b2-4ac)/2a
根与系数的关系
X1+X2=-b/a
X1*X2=c/a
注:韦达定理
判别式
b2-4a=0
注:方程有相等的两实根b2-4ac>0
注:方程有一个实根b2-4ac<0
注:方程有共轭复数根
三角函数公式
两角和公式
sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB
sin(A-B)=sinAcosB-sinBcosAcos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB
cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinBtan(A+B)=(tanA+tanB)/(1-tanAtanB)
tan(A-B)=(tanA-tanB)/(1+tanAtanB)ctg(A+B)=(ctgActgB-1)/(ctgB+ctgA)
ctg(A-B)=(ctgActgB+1)/(ctgB-ctgA)
倍角公式
tan2A=2tanA/(1-tan2A)
ctg2A=(ctg2A-1)/2ctgacos2a=cos2a-sin2a=2cos2a-1=1-2sin2a
半角公式
sin(A/2)=√((1-cosA)/2)
sin(A/2)=-√((1-cosA)/2)cos(A/2)=√((1+cosA)/2)
cos(A/2)=-√((1+cosA)/2)tan(A/2)=√((1-cosA)/((1+cosA))
tan(A/2)=-√((1-cosA)/((1+cosA))ctg(A/2)=√((1+cosA)/((1-cosA))
ctg(A/2)=-√((1+cosA)/((1-cosA))
和差化积
2sinAcosB=sin(A+B)+sin(A-B)
2cosAsinB=sin(A+B)-sin(A-B)2cosAcosB=cos(A+B)-sin(A-B)
-2sinAsinB=cos(A+B)-cos(A-B)sinA+sinB=2sin((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2
cosA+cosB=2cos((A+B)/2)sin((A-B)/2)tanA+tanB=sin(A+B)/cosAcosB
tanA-tanB=sin(A-B)/cosAcosBctgA+ctgBsin(A+B)/sinAsinB
-ctgA+ctgBsin(A+B)/sinAsinB
某些数列前n项和
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+…+n=n(n+1)/2
1+3+5+7+9+11+13+15+…+(2n-1)=n22+4+6+8+10+12+14+…+(2n)=n(n+1)
12+22+32+42+52+62+72+82+…+n2=n(n+1)(2n+1)/613+23+33+43+53+63+…n3=n2(n+1)2/4
1*2+2*3+3*4+4*5+5*6+6*7+…+n(n+1)=n(n+1)(n+2)/3
正弦定理
a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC=2R
注: 其中 R 表示三角形的外接圆半径
余弦定理
b2=a2+c2-2accosB
注:角B是边a和边c的夹角
圆的标准方程
(x-a)2+(y-b)2=r2
注:(a,b)是圆心坐标
圆的一般方程
x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0
注:D2+E2-4F>0
抛物线标准方程
y2=2px
y2=-2px
x2=2py
x2=-2py
直棱柱侧面积
S=c*h
斜棱柱侧面积
S=c'*h
正棱锥侧面积
S=1/2c*h'
正棱台侧面积
S=1/2(c+c')h'
圆台侧面积
S=1/2(c+c')l=pi(R+r)l
球的表面积
S=4pi*r2
圆柱侧面积
S=c*h=2pi*h
圆锥侧面积
S=1/2*c*l=pi*r*l
弧长公式
l=a*r
a是圆心角的弧度数r >0
扇形面积公式
s=1/2*l*r
锥体体积公式
V=1/3*S*H
圆锥体体积公式
V=1/3*pi*r2h
斜棱柱体积
V=S'L
注:其中,S'是直截面面积, L是侧棱长
柱体体积公式
V=s*h
圆柱体
V=pi*r2h
英语语法(Grammar)14
2008-06-17
21. 情态动词
21.1 情态动词的语法特征1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
21.2 比较can 和be able to
1)can could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。2)只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意:could不表示时态1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。
21.3 比较may和might
1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。2) 成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出。
21.4 比较have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要, must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.3) 在否定结构中: don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't 表示"禁止",
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
21.5 must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时, must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较:
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5) 否定推测用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。
21.6 表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:1)情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。3)情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may。
21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2) must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"的意思。
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
21.8 should 和ought to
should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思,可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
21.9 had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
21.10 would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句,would 提前,所以选B。
21.11 will和would
注意:
1)would like; Would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
2)Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?
21.12 情态动词的回答方式
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you…? Yes, I must. No,I needn't
Must you…? /don't have to.典型例题
1)---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C.could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和 may来表达,不能用could或might。复习: will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用,用来提出劝告。2)---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必,不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn't。3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心",本题表示决心,选B。
21.13 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to,为六个。它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意:
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have told B.tell C.be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用have。
21.14 比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词: need (需要, 要求)
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词: need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动:
need doing = need to be done
英语语法(Grammar)13
2008-06-17
19. 状语从句
19.1 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
19.1 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
19.2 方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。1) as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体,例如:
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2) as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的",例如:They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。
19.3 原因状语从句
比较:because, since, as和for1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
19.4 目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导,例如:
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
19.5 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导,掌握这两个句型,首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较:so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
( so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。)so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
19.6 条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。 句意:除非你立即走,否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对,or表转折,句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
19.7 让步状语从句
though, although
注意: 当有though, although时,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老,但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。 (谚语)典型例题
1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless
答案:C。意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多。2) as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意: a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。3) ever if, even though. 即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换:no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
(错)No matter what you say is of no use now.
(对)Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
(错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
(对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
19.8 比较while, when, as
1)as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2)当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when 引导这个从句,不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3)从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as,不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏。
19.9 比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句:
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
(在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.)
否定句:
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后,我才会做。1)Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)Until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候?
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。注意:否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(1)Not until …在句首,主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作,我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(2) It is not until… that…
19.10 表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思,例:I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注意:如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构:
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
20. 连词
连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等。
20.1 并列连词与并列结构
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
1) and 与or
判断改错:
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.解析:
第一句: and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk 应改为 talked。
第二句:and 连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang 应改为 sing。
第三句:and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意:and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.2) both …and 两者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.3) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且)
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.注意: not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.4) neithe…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
20.2 比较and和or
1) 并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or;and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。判断改错:
(错) We will die without air and water.
(错) We can't live without air or water.
(对) We will die without air or water.
(对) We can't live without air and water.
20.3 表示选择的并列结构
1) or 意思为"否则"。
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.2) either…or 意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
Either you or I am right.
20.4 表示转折或对比
1) but表示转折,while表示对比。
Some people love cats, while others hate them.典型例题
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and, 结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。2) not…but… 意思为"不是……而是……"
not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
20.5 表原因关系
1) for
判断改错:
(错) For he is ill, he is absent today.
(对) He is absent today, for he is ill.
for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。2) so, therefore
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.注意:
a. 两个并列连词不能连用,但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.b. although… yet…,但although不与 but连用。
(错) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(对) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
20.6 比较so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副
词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much, little连用,形成固定搭配。so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of peopleso many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
英语语法(Grammar)12
2008-06-17
17. 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which.
连接副词:when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词:
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较:whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
17.2 名词性that-从句
1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
17.3 名词性wh-从句
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语: I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
17.4 if, whether引导的名词从句
1)yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 例如:
主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成,例如:
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
17.5 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。
18. 定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
18.5 介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。
18.7 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
18.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
(错)Who breaks the law will be punished.
(错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
(对)Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
18.9 关系代词that 的用法
1)不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。举例:
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
英语语法(Grammar)11
2008-06-17
14. 倒装
14.1 倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
14.1 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
14.2 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
14.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案:B. nor为增补意思"也不关心",因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定, C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
14.5 only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
14.6 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。注意:
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意:
让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
14.7 其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:
May you all be happy.3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.典型例题:
1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案为B。3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析:答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
15. 主谓一致
主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
15.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
15.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2)当either… or… 与neither… nor, 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
15.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
15.4 谓语需用单数
1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。3) 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.
15.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1) 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)2) 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
15.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2) 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
16. 虚拟语气
1) 概念
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。2) 在条件句中的应用
条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
16.1 真实条件句
真实条件句用于陈述语气,假设的情况可能发生,其中 if 是如果的意思。
时态关系
句型: 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形
If he comes, he will bring his violin.典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时,从句用一般现在时。注意:
1) 在真实条件句中,主句不能用be going to表示将来,该用shall, will.
(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2) 表示真理时,主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形,而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
16.2 非真实条件句
1)时态:可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型 : 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形
If they were here, they would help you.b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型: 条件从句 主句
过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义:He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义: He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.c. 表示对将来的假想
句型: 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should+ 动词原形
were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形
should+ 动词原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
16.3 混合条件句
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,这时主,从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同,这叫做混合条件句。
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。)
If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意:
在虚拟语气的从句中,动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were",不用was, 即在从句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him.
如果我是你,就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.
如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。典型例题
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
16.5 特殊的虚拟语气词:should
1) It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形, should 可省略。句型:
(1)suggested
It is (2)important that…+ (should) do
(3) a pity(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted; + (should) do
(2)important, necessary, natural, strange
a pity, a shame, no wonder
(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
2)在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do
I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.注意: 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时",即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时,宾语从句用陈述语气。
The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错:
(错) You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对) I insisted that you were wrong.3)在表语从句,同位语从句中的应用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形。
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
16.6 wish的用法
1)用于wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为:真实状况 wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时
(be的过去式为 were)
从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时
(had + 过去分词)
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +
动词原形I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2)Wish to do表达法。
Wish sb / sth to do
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
16.7 比较if only与only if
only if表示"只有";if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了,我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了,就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。
16.8 It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形,但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
16.9 need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示: 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示: 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家,没有遇上John的车。)典型例题
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必",即已经做了某事,而时实际上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正确,对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。英语语法(Grammar)10
2008-06-17
12. 动词的语态
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
1)若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态 时,该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词。
feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watchThe teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
12.1 let 的用法
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式。
They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
2) 若let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
12.2 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before..
12.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understandIt is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that…务必记住的是It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态:
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.比较: rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week.
(对) The accident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系动词无被动语态:
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词,反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态:
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4) 特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己),have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义
be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意: 表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.
12.7 need/want/require/worth
注意:当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。典型例题
The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need (实意) +n /to do,need (情态)+ do,当为被动语态时,还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法,选A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。
典:done,"不可能已经"。must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。
13. 句子的种类
(一)按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度快。 (说明事实)
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。
(说明看法)2) 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:
a. 一般疑问句(General Questions):
Can you finish the work in time?
你能按时完成工作吗?
b. 特殊疑问句(W Questions; H Questions):
Where do you live? 你住那儿?
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?
c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):
Do you want tea or coffee?
你是要茶还是要咖啡?
d. 反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):
He doesn't know her, does he?
他不认识她,对不对?3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令,例如:
Sit down, please. 请坐。
Don't be nervous! 别紧张!4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,例如:
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊!(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:
1) 简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,例如:She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
(主) (谓)2) 并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,例如:
The food was good, but he had little appetite.
(主) (谓) (主)(谓)
食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。3) 复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,例如:
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
主句 从句
我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:
1)主 + 动(SV)例如:
I work. 我工作。
2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP)例如:
John is busy. 约翰忙。
3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO)例如:
She studies English. 她学英语。
4)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补(SVOC)例如:
Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(SVOiOd)例如:
My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
13.1 祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。1) 祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。
Take this seat.
Do be careful.
否定结构:
Don't move.
Don't be late.2) 第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句
a. Let's 包括说话者
Let's have another try,shall we / shan't we?
= Shall we have another try?b. Let us 不包括说话者
Let us have another try,will you / won't you?
= Will you please let us have another try?否定结构:
Let's not talk of that matter.
Let us not talk of that matter.
13.2 感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。
what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种:
掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序
How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序
What +名词+ 陈述语序
What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they are making!
What a clever boy he is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What cold weather it is!
感叹句的省略形式为:
What a clever boy (he is)!典型例题
1)___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)2)___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案A. weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。3) --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time
答案A. 感叹句分两类:
1:What + n.+主谓部分
2:How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
13.3 强调句结构
常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。
It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语。
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
典型例题
1) It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是: It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 "who",其余用that。原句: My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语: It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语: It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)
强调地点: It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that',只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
It is /was +时间+ since… 其中is<---> has been was <---> had been.
13.4 用助动词进行强调
强调句还有一种类型,就是用助动词do (did,does) 强调谓语。
She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
13.5 反意疑问句
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?20) must在表"推测"时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be there now, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主语
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含义
rarely, little等否定
含义的词
ought to(肯定的) shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句中 be +主语
Neither…nor,
either…or 连接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定
并列主语
指示代词或不定代词
everything,that, 主语用it
nothing,this
并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句的
主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语
省去主语的祈使句 will you?
Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)
否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式
must表"推测" 根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句
